MULTILINGUAL MULTISCRIPT PLANT NAME DATABASE

Sorting Euphorbia names



Species on this page ( A = names approved by most authorities, s = approved as synonyms).  This looks like a lot but GRIN lists 597 taxa under this species and Kew RBG lists 5188 records.







At the MMPND we have always been reluctant to add the source(s) of each common name à la GRIN or the references à la ILDIS. As we are now growing in confidence we do not mind so much spending a lot of extra time on this process because it helps in the cross-referencing right from the start of the compiling cycle. Therefore the time "wasted" may well, in the long run, turn out to be a good investment.
No doubt if the pages look too heavy or overloaded our readers won't waste anytime in letting us know.
We justified our original decision by explaining that it may require 10 sources before entering a single name due to spelling variations, especially when romanisation is involved. Listing the references at the end of a set of records simplifies greatly the compiling process. Usually each reference is selected for its richness of information so likely to be used for many names rather than a single entry. This saves an enormous amount of time, and the end result is that the dictionary ends-up looking cleaner. This practice in no way diminishes the legal status of the work and maintains a reasonable ethical standard. In any case the reader eager to check our compiling skills can easily go back to the references.


Euphorbia amygdaloides L.

SYNONYM(S) : Euphorbia orjenii Beck, Tithymalus amygdaloides (L.) Hill CATALAN :  Lleteresa de bosc.

DUTCH :  Amandelwolfsmelk [10].

ENGLISH :  Wood spurge [1] [10] [14].

FRENCH :  Euphorbe amandine, Euphorbe à feuilles d'amandier [10], Euphorbe des bois [10] [14], Euphorbe faux-amandier [1].

GERMAN :  Mandelblättrige Wolfsmilch [1] [10] .

HUNGARIAN :  Erdei kutyatej [14].

ITALIAN :  Euforbia delle Faggete [14].

JAPANESE :  ユーフォルビア・アミグダロイデス  Yuuforubia amigudaroidesu.

POLISH :  Wilczomlecz migdałolistny [14].

RUSSIAN :  Молочай миндалевидный 

SERBIAN :  Mandlowa mlóčeń [14] .

SLOVENIAN :  Mandljevolistni mleček.

SPANISH : Lechetrezna de bosque [1], Titímalo macho [14].

SWEDISH : Mandeltörel [1].

TURKISH :  Sütleğen [10], Zerena [10].
Euphorbia amygdaloides L. subsp. amygdaloides

ENGLISH :  Wood spurge [1]. 

FRENCH :  Euphorbe faux-amandier [1].  

GERMAN :  Mandelblättrige Wolfsmilch [1].


Euphorbia amygdaloides L. subsp. amygdaloides var. ligulata (Chaub.) Bory

FRENCH :  Euphorbe à fleurs ligulées.



Euphorbia amygdaloides L. subsp. arbuscula Meusel

SYNONYM(S) :  Euphorbia arbuscula Balf.f. ? Tirucalia arbuscula (Balf.f.) P.V.Heath ?

ENGLISH :  Shrubby euphorbia, Shrubby spurge.

ITALIAN : Euforbia arbustiva, Euforbia di Calabria, Euforbia di Sicilia.


Euphorbia amygdaloides L. subsp. heldreichii (Orph. ex Boiss.) Aldén

SYNONYM(S) : Euphorbia heldreichii Orph. ex Boiss.

CATALAN :  Lleteresa de Heldreich.

ENGLISH :  Heldreich spurge.

GREEK :  Awaiting feedback.

ITALIAN :  Euforbia di Heldreich.
Euphorbia amygdaloides L. subsp. robbiae (Turrill) Stace

SYNONYM(S) : Euphorbia amygdaloides L. var. robbiae (Turrill) Radcl.-Sm.

ENGLISH :  Mrs Robb's-bonnet [1].

GERMAN :  Robb-Wolfsmilch [1].

SWEDISH : Turkisk mandeltörel [1].

Euphorbia amygdaloides L. subsp. semiperfoliata (Viv.) Radcl.-Sm.

SYNONYM(S) :  Euphorbia semiperfoliata Viv.

FRENCH :  Euphorbe à demi perfoliée.


Euphorbia antiquorum L.

SYNONYM(S) :  Euphorbia antiquorum L. var. polygona Wight,  Euphorbia arborescens Roxb., nom. illeg., Euphorbia mayuranathanii Croizat, Euphorbia trigona Haw., Tithymalus antiquorus (L.) Moench

ARABIC :  Ghûlaq [2], Zaqqum-hindi [2], Zaqqume-hindi. [3]

ASSAMESE :  Siju [3].

BENGALI :  Bajbaran [3], Bajwaran [19], Tiktasij [3] [19].

BURMESE :  Sha soung pya thal.

CHINESE :  火殃勒  Huo yang le.  霸王鞭,  金鋼杵  Taiwan

ENGLISH :  Fleshy spurge [Siv], Malayan spurge, Quadrangular spurge [Siv], Spurge cactus [Siv], Square cactus, Triangular spurge. [1] 

FRENCH :  Euphorbe des anciens.

GUJARATI :  Tansharisehund [19].

HINDI :  Sehund [3], Tidhara [3], Tidhara-schnd [3], Tidhara-sehna [3], Tidhara-sehnel [3], Tidhara-sehnr [3], Tidhara-sehud [3], टेरॆधारा सेहुनड  Tredhara sehund [2] [19].

ITALIAN :  Euforbio indiano, Euforbio medicinale.

KANNADA :  ಚದರಕಳ್ಳಿ [25] Cadarakaḷḷi, Mulajemudu [19].

LAOTIAN :  Chan bat day.

MALAY :  Sedudu, Sudu-sudu.

MALAYALAM : Chadurakalli [19],  Chaturakalli [3], Shadurakalli [3].

MARATHI :  Naraseja [3], Narasya [19], Narsej [3], Navadunga [3], Nivaduunga [3], Thridhaari [3].

ORIYA : ଲୁହାସିଝୁ [36] Luhaasijhu [MHP], Vajri [3].

PERSIAN :  Zaqunniyoe-hindi [2] [3].

RUSSIAN :  Молочай древних Molochai drevnikh.

SANSKRIT :  सॆहुण्डशाक [25] Sehuṇḍaśāka, Snuhi [2] [19], Vajrakantaka [2] [3] [19], Vajra [3], Vajri [2] [3] [19].

SINHALESE :   Daluk [Siv],  Thaluk [Siv].

TAMIL :  Caturakakalli [3],   சதுரக் கள்ளி  Caturak kalli, Caturakkalli [3],  கள்ளி [4] Kalli.[3] [4], Kōmoochiṟa valli [Siv], Nānāṅg kaḷḷi [Siv], Nāṉmuka kaḷḷi [Siv], Sathuṟa kaḷḷi [Siv], Sathuṟa māṉ kaḷḷi [Siv],  Thiṟuvār kaḷḷi [Siv], Vacciram [3], Vachirom [19], Vachchiṟam [Siv], Vajṟam [Siv].

TELUGU :  Bomajemudu [19], Bommajemmudu [3] , Peddajamudu [3] , Peddajemmudu [3] , Peddajemudu [3] , Peddajimmadu [3] .

THAI :  สลัดได  Sa lat dai.

TURKISH :  Faraon sebremi.

URDU :  Farfium [3] , Farfiun [3] , Farfiyun [3] , Farftyun [3] .

VIETNAMESE :    Cây xương rông, Xương rồng ông, Xương rồng ba cạnh.



"Square cactus" & "Quadrangular spurge" look odd next to "Triangular spurge" to describe the same plant. This is a common occurence and can sometimes be explained because those common names are based on botanical synonyms, or the botanical names / synonyms are based on some older common names. Then again these epithets can refer to different parts of the plant. In this case I suspect the idea of "quad." / square may have come from a misunderstanding of the word antiquorum. The meaning is rather obscure and I leave it to expert lexicographers to decipher. Please let the Polyglot Vegetarian know that I would love him / her to address this on his fascinating blog. I am a fan and I know he / she likes this site. My guess is that antiquorum means ancient (the French and Russian epithets are a clue).


Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc.

SYNONYM(S) :  Euphorbia antisyphilitica Zucc. var. typica Miranda, Euphorbia cerifera Alcocer, Euphorbia occulta Klotzsch, Tirucallia antisyphilitica (Zucc.) P.V. Heath

ENGLISH :   Antisyphilitic spurge, Candelilla, Candelilla shrub, Wax cactus plant [Siv], Wax euphorbia, Wax plant.

FRENCH :  Euphorbe antisyphilitique, Candelilla, Cire de candelilla.

GERMAN :  Candelillawachs.

KANNADA :  ಯುಫೋರ್ಬಿಯ  Yuphōrbiya.

LITHUANIAN :  Rimbinė karpažolė .

SPANISH : Candelilla (Mexico), Cera candelilla.

TAMIL :  மெழுகு கள்ளி [Vij]  Meḻuku kaḷḷi [Siv] .

Euphorbia bracteata Jacq.

SYNONYM(S) :  Diadenaria pavonis Klotzsch & Garcke, Pedilanthus braceatus (Jacq.) Boiss., Pedilanthus pavonis Klotzsh & Garcke

ENGLISH :  Tall slipper plant [Siv].

TAMIL :  மதில் கள்ளி [Vij]  Mathil kaḷḷi [Siv], வேலி கள்ளி [Vij] Vēli kaḷḷi [Siv].

Euphorbia candelabrum Welw.

ENGLISH :  Angola tree-euphorbia, Angolan tree-euphorbia.

This appears to be an old name, apparently "published" before Kotschy's but not in a proper fashion, so it is now lost and forgotten.

Euphorbia candelabrum Trémaux ex Kotschy

SYNONYM(S) :  Euphorbia candelabrum Kotschy

ENGLISH :  Candelabra cactus, Candelabra tree, Sudan tree-euphorbia, Sudanese tree-euphorbia.

GERMAN :  Kandelaber-Wolfsmilch [1]. 

SWEDISH : Stor kaktuseuforbia [1].  


Euphorbia characias L.

SYNONYM(S) :  Esula characias (L.) Haw., Euphorbia characias L. f. maritima P. Monts.,  Euphorbia characias L. var. eriocarpa (Bertol.) Losa, Euphorbia cuatrecasasii Pau, Euphorbia eriocarpa Bertol., Tithymalus characias (L.) Hill, Tithymalus purpureus Lam.

CATALAN :  Bambollera (Valencia), Bofeguera (Mallorca), lleteresa vesquera, Lletrera visquera.

DUTCH :  Grote wolfsmelk  [10].

ENGLISH : Large Mediterranean spurge [10], Mediterranean spurge.

FRENCH :  Euphorbe characias [9] [10], Euphorbe des garrigues [9] [10], Euphorbe des vallons [9].

GERMAN :  Palisaden-Wolfsmilch .

JAPANESE :  ユーフォルビア・カラキアス

PORTUGUESE :  Maleiteira maior, Titímalo macho, Titímalo-maior, Titímalo mayor, Trovisco, Trovisco macho.

RUSSIAN :  Молочая харациас

SPANISH :  Caracias, Euforbia encarnada, Euforbia macho, Hierba topera, Lecheinterna, Lechera, Lecherina, Lecheterna, Lechetrezna, Lechetrezna basta, Lechetrezna borde legítima, Lechetrezna encarnada, Lechetrezna macho, Lechetrezna mayor, Llullos, Lulos, Palmeretas (Aragón), Piñoncillo, Píldoras zorreras, Tártago, Tártago de Valencia, Tártago mayor, Tartago mayor, Titimalo-caracias, Trovisco macho.


ref. Flora Iberica < http://www.floraiberica.es/eng/PHP/vernaculos_.php?gen=Euphorbia&espe=characias&infrank=&infra=&autabre=L.&familia=Euphorbiaceae >.


Euphorbia characias L. subsp. characias

CATALAN : Llet de santa teresa [8] , Lletera vera [8] , Lleteresa vera [8] , Lletreguera [8] , Lletrera [8].

ENGLISH :  Large mediterranean spurge [8].

FRENCH :  Euphorbe characias [8] , Euphorbe characias du Portugual, Euphorbe des garriguAres [8] .

SPANISH : Euforbia encarnada [8] , Euforbia macho [8] , Tártago de valencia [8].


OCCITAN : Jinuscla, Lachusclo, Lanjoscla, Lantrèsav.
We normally do not cover this group of languages (Langue d'oc of Southern France) which are on the red list of endangered languages. They include Gascon,  Vivaro-Alpine,  Provençal, Auvergnat, Limousin and Languedocien    with closely relatives in  Italy's  Guardia Piemontese (Calabria),  Liguria, Monaco, and Spain's Catalonia and Val d'Aran where Aranian is the preferred local dialect. Few speakers are also found in Argentina, Mexico, and Quebec - Canada. We made an exception here to please an anonymous contributor.
Euphorbia characias L. subsp. wulfenii (Hoppe ex W.D.J. Koch) Radcl.-Sm.

SYNONYM(S) :  Euphorbia characias L. var. melapetala (Gasp. ex Guss.) Fiori, Euphorbia lycia Boiss., Euphorbia melapetala Gasp. ex Guss., Euphorbia melapetala Gasp. ex Guss. var. leiocarpa Guss. ex Boiss., Euphorbia messeniaca Heldr. ex Halácsy, nom. illeg., Euphorbia sibthorpii Boiss., Euphorbia veneta sensu Hayek, Euphorbia wulfenii Hoppe ex W.D.J. Koch, Tithymalus melapetalus (Gasp. ex Guss.) Klotzsch & Garcke, Tithymalus sibthorpii (Boiss.) Soják,  Tithymalus wulfenii (Hoppe ex W. D. J. Koch) Soják

ENGLISH :  Corsican spurge, Corsican spurge 'Wulfenii'.

FRENCH :  Euphorbe characias de France, Euphorbe de Corse, Euphorbe de Vénétie, Euphorbe des garrigues 'Wulfenii'.



Euphorbia concanensis Janarth. & S.R.Yadav

SYNONYM(S) :   Chamaesyce concanensis (Janarth. & S.R.Yadav) V.S.Raju

ENGLISH :  Konkan spurge.

KANNADA :  ಯುಫೋರ್ಬಿಯ  Yuphōrbiya.
MARATHI :  कोकण दुधी  Kokan dudhi.

Euphorbia cristata Heyne ex Roth

SYNONYM(S) :  Chamaesyce cristata (B.Heyne ex Roth) G.L.Webster, Chamaesyce fimbriata R.R. Rao & Razi subsp. burmanica (Panigrahi) K.S.Rao & M.N.V. Prasad, Chamaesyce laciniata (Panigrahi) V.S. Raju & P.N. Rao subsp. burmanica (Panigrahi) V.S. Raju & P.N. Rao

ENGLISH :  Candelabra plant.

TAMIL :  வயல் அம்மான்பச்சரிசி [Vij]  Vayalammāṉ pachaṟisi.


Euphorbia cyathophora Murray

SYNONYM(S) :  Euphorbia heterophylla L. f. cyathophora (Murr.) Voss,  Euphorbia heterophylla L. var. cyathophora (Murr.) Griseb., Poinsettia cyathophora (Murr.) Klotzsch & Garcke

CHINESE :  猩猩草  Xing xing cao.

ENGLISH :   Dwarf poinsettia [1], Fire-of-the-mountain [1] [10], Fire-on-the-mountain [1], Mexican fireplant [7], Paintedleaf [1], Painted leaf [10], Painted leaf spurge [1] [10], Painted spurge [1] [7] [10].

RUSSIAN :  Молочай красивейший  Molochai krasivyeishij.

SWEDISH :  Röd broktörel [1].


Euphorbia cyparissias L.

SYNONYM(S) : Esula cupressina Gray, Esula cyparissias (L.) Haw., Esula minor Garsault, Galarhoeus cyparissias (L.) Small ex Rydb., Tithymalus cyparissias (L.) Hill, Tithymalus cyparissias (L.) Scop.

ARABIC :   نبات السرو .

BULGARIAN :  Кипарисова млечка Kiparisova mlechka, Млечка кипарисова  Mlechka kiparisova.

CHINESE :  歐洲 柏大戟  Ōu zhōu bǎi dà jǐ.

CZECH :  Mliečnik chvojkový, Pryšec chvojka.

DANISH :  Cypresvortemælk, Cypres-Vortemælk [22].

DUTCH :  Cipreswolfsmelk [10].

ENGLISH :  Cypress spurge [10].

FINNISH :  Tarhatyräkki .

FRENCH :  Euphorbe faux cyprès [9] [10], Euphorbe petit-cyprès [9] [10], Rhubarbe des paysans [10].

GERMAN :  Zypresseneuphorbie, Zypressen-Wolfsmilch [13] [10].

GREEK :  Ευφορβία η κυπαρισσία  Euforbía i kyparissía.

ITALIAN :  Erba cipressina.

JAPANESE :  ユーフォルビア・キパリッシアス  Yuuforubia kiparisshiasu.

KOREAN :  사이 프러스 등대풀  Sa i peu leo seu deung dae pul.

LITHUANIAN :  Siauralapė karpažolė.

POLISH :  Wilczomlecz sosnka.

RUSSIAN :  Молочай кипарисовый Molochai kiparisovyj [11].

SERBIAN :  Sucha mlóčeń.

SLOVENIAN :  Cipresasti mleček [15].

SPANISH :  Ésula menor [10], Lechetrezna [10], Mirabel lechero [10].

SWEDISH : Vårtörel.

UKRAINIAN :  Молочай кипарисоподібний Molochai kiparisopodíbnij.
Euphorbia dracunculoides Lam.

SYNONYM(S) :  Tithymalus dracunculoides (Lam.) Klotzsch & Garcke

ENGLISH :  Dragon spurge.

TAMIL :  பெரும் பால்பெருக்கி [Vij]  Peṟum pāl peṟukki.

Euphorbia esula L.
ARABIC :     سوسب  Sawsab [10].

CHINESE :   乳浆大戟  Ru jiang da ji.

DANISH :  Langbladet vortemælk [22].

DUTCH :  Heksenmelk [10].

ENGLISH :  Hungarian spurge, Leafy spurge [1] [10].

FINNISH :  Kenttätyräkki .

FRENCH :  Euphorbe âcre [9] [10] , Euphorbe ésule [9] [10] , Euphorbe feuillue  [10] .

GERMAN :  Esels-Wolfsmilch [1] [10], Scharfe Wolfsmilch.

LITHUANIAN :  Didžioji karpažolė.

PORTUGUESE :  Leiteira-folhosa [1].

RUSSIAN :  Молочай острый Molochai ostryj.

SLOVENIAN :  Ostri mleček .

SPANISH : Ésula [10], Leche de hormiga [10], Leche de sapos [10], Lechetrezna [10].

SWEDISH :  Vargtörel [1].


Euphorbia esula L. subsp. esula

SYNONYM(S) :  Euphorbia lunulata Bunge, Euphorbia maackii Meinsh.,  Euphorbia mandshurica Maxim., Euphorbia minxianensis W. T. Wang,  Euphorbia nakaiana H. Léveillé,  Euphorbia octoradiata H. Léveillé & Vaniot,  Euphorbia takouensis H. Léveillé & Vaniot, Euphorbia tarokoensis Hayata, Tithymalus esula (L.) Hill, Tithymalus lunulatus (Bunge) Soják, Tithymalus mandshuricus (Maxim.) Soják

DANISH :  Langbladet Vortemælk [22].

ENGLISH :  Leafy spurge [1], wolf's-milk [1].

GERMAN : Esels-Wolfsmilch [1].

SWEDISH :  Bredbladig vargtörel.


Euphorbia esula L. subsp. tommasiniana (Bertol.) Kuzmanov

SYNONYM(S) :  Euphorbia esula L. subsp. tommasiniana (Bertol.) Nyman, Euphorbia tenuifolia Lam., Euphorbia uralensis Fisch. ex Link, Euphorbia tommasiniana Bertol., Euphorbia virgata Waldst. & Kit., non Desf.

DANISH :  Ris-vortemælk [22].

FRENCH :  Euphorbe de Tommasini, Euphorbe de Waldstein.

GERMAN :  Ruten-Wolfsmilch.

RUSSIAN :  Молочай Вальдштейна (as E. waldsteinii), Молочай прутьевидный (as E. virgata).

SWEDISH :  Smalbladig vargtörel [22] .


Euphorbia exigua L.

SYNONYM(S) :  Esula exigua (L.) Haw.,  Tithymalus exiguus (L.) Hill 

ARABIC :  نُعمانية   Nuʿmāniyā.

DANISH :  Liden vortemælk [22].

DUTCH :  Kleine wolfsmelk.

ENGLISH :  Dwarf spurge [1] .

FRENCH :  Euphorbe exiguë, Euphorbe fluette, Petite ésule.

GERMAN :  Kleine Wolfsmilch [1].

PORTUGUESE :  Leiteira-menor (Brazil) [1].

RUSSIAN : Молочай малый Molochai malyj, Молочай ничтожный  Molochai nichtozhnyj.

SPANISH :  Hierbecilla traidora [1], Lechetrezna romeral [1], Lechetrezna tonta [1], Lechetreznilla, Lechetreznilla romeral [1], Sonajillas lecheras.

SWEDISH :  Småtörel [1] [22].


Euphorbia falcata L.

SYNONYM(S) :  Esula falcata (L.) Haw., Euphorbia falcata L. var. genuina Maire, nom. inval., Keraselma falcatum (L.) Raf., Tithymalus falcatus (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke, 

DANISH :  Segl-vortemælk [22].

ENGLISH :  Sickle spurge [1], Sickle-leaf spurge [1].

FRENCH :  Euphorbe à cornes en faucille, Euphorbe en faux.

GERMAN :  Sichel-Wolfsmilch [1] .

PORTUGUESE :  Leiteira-das-trêsquilhas [1].

RUSSIAN :  Молочай серповидный Molochai serpovidnyj.

SPANISH :  Lechetrezna tonta [1].

SWEDISH :  Åkertörel [1] [22].

Euphorbia golondrina L.C.Wheeler

SYNONYM(S) :  Chamaesyce golondrina (L.C.Wheeler) Shinners

SPANISH :  Golondrina, Hierba golondrina, Yerba de la golondrina.


Euphorbia granulata Forssk.

SYNONYM(S) :  Anisophyllum granulatum (Forssk.) Schweinf., Chamaesyce granulata (Forssk.) Soják, Euphorbia fragilis Decne., Euphorbia turcomanica Boiss., Tithymalus granulatus (Forssk.) Raf.

ARABIC :  ملبانة   (Saudi Arabia) [35],   حليبة (Saudi Arabia) [35],  ابولين (Saudi Arabia) [35], لبان   (Saudi Arabia) [35].

TAMIL :  சிற்றம்மான் பச்சரிசி [Vij]  Sitrammān pachaṟisi.


Euphorbia helioscopia L.

SYNONYM(S) :  Galarhoeus helioscopius (L.) Haw, Tithymalus helioscopius (L.) Hill.

ARABIC :  سَعْدة  Saʿadā,  الدمل  (Saudi Arabia) [35],  الرمدة (Saudi Arabia) [35],  عماية  (Saudi Arabia) [35].

CATALAN :  Leteresa d'hort [21].

CHINESE : 泽 漆  Ze qi.

DUTCH :  Kroontjeskruid.

ENGLISH :  Sun spurge [1], Wolf's-milk [1].

FRENCH :  Euphorbe réveil-matin [1], Euphorbe réveille matin, Herbe aux verrues, Petite éclaire.

GERMAN :  Sonnenwend-Wolfsmilch, Sonnwend-Wolfsmilch [1] .

HINDI :  Dudhya [3], Hirruseeah [3] [20], Mahabi [20].

JAPANESE :  Tōdaigusa [1] ,  灯台草  Toudai gusa, と うだいぐさ  Toudai gusa.

PORTUGUESE :  Leiteira-do-sol (Brazil) [1], Maleteira (Brazil) [1].

RUSSIAN :  Молочай солнцегляд

SLOVENIAN :  Sončni mleček [15].

SPANISH : Ésula, Euforbia girasol, Lechera [21], Lecherina [1] [21], Lecheruela [21], Leche interna [1] [21], Lechetrezna común [1] [21], Lechetrezna girasol, Lechocino [1] [21], Lechuguino [21], Mamona [21], Pichoga (Chile), Titímalo, Tornagallos.

SWEDISH :  Revormstörel [1] [22].

TURKISH :  Seher otu, Sütleğen, Zehir otu.



Euskera: Bixika-belar, Esnabelarra, Esnebelar, Eznara, Zorna-belar.

Euphorbia heterophylla L.

SYNONYM(S) :  Euphorbia epilobiifolia W. T. Wang; Euphorbia geniculata Ortega ex Boiss., Euphorbia prunifolia Jacq., Euphorbia taiwaniana S. S. Ying, Poinsettia geniculata (Ortega ex Boiss.) Klotzsch & Garcke ex Klotzsch , Poinsettia geniculata (Ortega) Klotzsch & Garcke var. heterophylla (Linnaeus) Klotzsch & Garcke, Poinsettia heterophylla (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke ex Klotzsch

ARABIC :  Laban el-homara (Egypt) [1],  Labeinah (Qatar ) [1].

CHINESE : 白苞猩猩草  Bai bao xing xing cao.

ENGLISH :  Annual poinsettia , Fire-on-the-mountain, Japanese poinsettia [1], Mexican fireplant [1], Mexican fire plant [Siv], Mexican fireweed [Siv], Lesser green poinsettia [Siv], Milkweed [1], Painted euphorbia (as E. prunifolia) [1], Painted leaf euphorbia [Siv], Painted spurge [1] [Siv], Paintedleaf [1] (USA), Summer poinsettia, Wild poinsettia.

FRENCH :  Caca de poule [1]. 

GERMAN : Poinsettien-Wolfsmilch [1]. 

JAPANESE :  猩猩草  ショ ウジョウソウ Shoujou sou,  猩猩草  Shoujou sou, クサショウジョウ Kusa shoujou,  草 猩猩 Kusa shoujou.

PORTUGUESE : Adeus-Brasil [1], Amendoim-bravo (Brazil) [1], Café-do-diabo (Brazil) [1], Flor-do-poeta [1],  Leiteira (Brazil) [1].

RUSSIAN :  Молочай разнолистный

SPANISH :  Golondrina [1], Hierba de leche [1], Lechosa [1], Pascuilla [1].

TAMIL :  Aṇdavāayu keeṟai [Siv], Kalappilai kaḷḷi [Siv], பால்பெருக்கி [24] (Pālperukki) Pāl peṟukki [Siv], Siru pālpeṟukki [Siv].


This taxon should not be confused with Euphorbia heterophylla auct. which is Euphorbia cyathophora Murray

Euphorbia hirta L.

SYNONYM(S) :  Chamaesyce hirta (L.) Millsp., Euphorbia capitata Lam.,  Euphorbia hirta L. var. typica L.C.Wheeler, nom. inval., Euphorbia pilulifera var. hirta (L.) Thell., Euphorbia pilulifera L. var. hirta (L.) Griseb.

ASSAMESE :  Gakhirati bon [3] [19].

ARABIC :  لبنة  (Saudi Arabia) [35], Labeinah (as C. hirta) [1] (Qatar).

BENGALI :  Bara dudhe [3] , Baro kherui, Baro kheruie [3] [19].

CHINESE :  飞扬草  Fei yang cao.

ENGLISH :  Asthma herb [Siv], Asthma-plant, Asthmaplant [1], Asthma weed [19] [Siv], Australian asthma herb, Cat's hair [Siv], Common spurge [Siv], Garden spurge [1] [Siv], Hairy spurge (Hawaii), Milk weed [Siv], Pill-bearing spurge [1] (as C. hirta), Pill-pod sandmat [26],  Semi-erect euphorbia [3] [19], Snakeweed [Siv].

FRENCH :  Euphorbe hérisée, Malnommée.

GUJARATI :  Dudeli [19].

HINDI :  दूधी [26] Dudhi [3] [19] [26], Lal-dudhi [3] [19], Dhedi dudheli [3] [19].

KANNADA :  Achchegida [3] [19], Acchacche gida [3] [19], Acche gida [3] [19], Haaluni [3] [19], Kempu nene akki [3] [19].

MALAY :  Gelang susu (Java).

MALAYALAM :  Nela-palai [19], Nelapalai [3] [19], Nilappala [3] [19].

MARATHI :  Dudhi [3] [19], Mothidudhi [3] [19], Dudali [19], Dudnali [3] [19], Govardhan [3] [19], Mothidudhi [3] [19], Motidoodhi [3] [19].

ORIYA :  ଚିତାକୁଟି [36] Citaakuṭi [MHP], Chitaguti [19], Uthisi [3] .

RUSSIAN :  Молочай хирта  Molochai khirta.

SANSKRIT :  दुग्धिका [25] (Dugdhikā) Dugdhika [3] [19], Pusitoa [3] [19].

SINHALESE :  Budakiriya [Siv], Dadakiriya [Siv], Kepunkiriya [Siv], Kirithala [Siv].

SPANISH :  Golondrina [1], Hierba de boca [1], Lecherón chico [1], Lecherita [1], Pichoga [1], Yerba de sapo [1].

TAMIL : Amampatchaiarisi [3] [19], அம்மான்பச்சரிசி [Vij]  Ammāṉ pachchaṟisi [Siv], Ammāṉ pachchaṟisi pāl [Siv],   சித்திரப்பாலாடை [24] (Cittirappālāṭai) Cittirappaalaatai, Cittirappalatai [3] , Pāl chedi [Siv], Pālāvi [Siv], Pachchilai pāl [Siv], Peṟum pālāvi [Siv], Siththiṟa pālādai [Siv],  Siththiṟa pālāvi [Siv], Sitrilai pālāvi [Siv], Suduthuṟaddi chedi [Siv].

TELUGU :  Bidarie [3] [19], Reddinanabrolu [3] [19].

URDU :  Doodhiklan [3] , Dudh khurd [3] .

Euphorbia hypericifolia L.

SYNONYM(S) :  Chamaesyce glomerifera Millsp., Chamaesyce hypericifolia (L.) Millsp., Euphorbia glomerifera (Millsp.) L. C. Wheeler

CHINESE :  通奶草  Tong nai cao, 大 地錦  (Taiwan)..

ENGLISH :  Chickenweed, Chicken weed [Siv], Graceful spurge (Hawaii), Upright spurge [Siv].

SINHALESE :  Ela dadakiriya [Siv].

SPANISH :  Golondrina, Lechera, Lechosa.

TAMIL :  சின்னம்மான் பச்சரிசி [Vij]  Sinnmmān pachchaṟisi [Siv] .


Euphorbia indica Lam.

SYNONYM(S) :  Anisophyllum indicum (Lam.) Schweinf., Chamaesyce indica (Lam.) Croizat, Euphorbia decumbens (Forssk.) Willd., Euphorbia ovalifolia Kostel.

TAMIL :  Siru vayalammāṉ pachchaṟisi [Siv], வெள்ளை அம்மான்பச்சரிசி [Vij]  Veḷḷaiammāāṉ pachchaṟisi [Siv].

SINHALESE :  Ela dadakiriya [Siv].
Euphorbia lactea Haw.

SYNONYM(S) : Euphorbia lactea Roxb., nom. illeg.

DANISH :  Coral Cactus [22].

ENGLISH : Candelabra cactus [1], Candelabra spurge, Cardon, Dragon bones [1], False cactus [1], Hat-rack-cactus [1], Hatrack cactus, Mottled spurge [1].

RUSSIAN :  Молочай молочный  Molochai molochnyj.

SINHALESE :  Awaiting feedback.

SWEDISH :  Marmoreuforbia [1] [22].
Euphorbia lathyris L.

SYNONYM(S) : Tithymalus lathyris (L.) Hill

BULGARIAN :   Кръстолистна млечка  [23] Krŭstolistna mlechka.

CHINESE : 续随子 Xu sui zi, 續隨子 Xu sui zi.

CZECH :  Pryšec skočcový [13].

DANISH :  Kors-vortemælk [13] [22], Korsvortemælk [23].

DUTCH :  Kruisbladige wolfsmelk [23], Kruisbladwolfsmelk [23].

ENGLISH :  Caper spurge [1], Gopherplant [1], Moleplant [1], Mole plant, Myrtle spurge, Gopher spurge, Paper spurge.

FRENCH :  Épurge, Euphorbe des jardins [9], Euphorbe épurge [1] [9] [23], Euphorbe gesse [9], Herbe à taupes [9] [23].

GERMAN :  Kreuzblättrige Wolfsmilch [1] [13] [23].

GREEK :  Ευφορβία η λαθυρίς  [23] Euforbia i lathyris.

HUNGARIAN :  Hasindító kutyatej [13].

ITALIAN :  Capapuzza [23], Catapuzia [23], Catapuzza [23], Euforbia catapuzia [13], Scatapuzza [23].

KOREAN :  Sogsuja.

LITHUANIAN :  žirnikinė karpažolė [23].

NORWEGIAN :   Hagevortemjølk [13].

POLISH :  Wilczomlecz groszkowy.

PORTUGUESE :  Catapúcia-menor [1], Morganheira [13], Tártago.

RUSSIAN :  Молочай Чины  Molochai Chiny.

SERBIAN : Križnolistni mleček.

SLOVENIAN : Križnolistni mleček [15], Mleček križnolistni.

SPANISH :  Cañamón purgante [23], Catapucia [13], Catapucia menor [23], Catapuja [23], Hierba topera [23], Higuera del infierno [23], Lecherina [23], Lechetrezna [1], Piñoncillo [13], Tártago [1] [13] [23].

SWEDISH :  Korstörel [1] [13] [22] [23].
Euphorbia leucocephala Lotsy

ENGLISH :  Kilimandjaro, Little Christmas flower, Snowflake bush [Siv], Snows of Kilimanjaro, White-laced euphorbia (Hawaii), White small leaf poincettia, White poinsettia [Siv]
PORTUGUESE :  flor-de-maio, cabeleira de velho, leiteiro-branco.

SPANISH :  Pascuita, Pasquita.

TAMIL :  வெண் பனி கள்ளி [Vij]  Veṇ paṉi kaḷḷi [Siv].
Euphorbia ligularia Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham.

ASSAMESE :  Hiju, Patsiju .

HINDI :  Sehund.

KANNADA :  Aelaegalli, Dundukalli, Elekalli, Gootagalli, Mundagalli

MALAYALAM :  ilakkalli

MARATHI :  Kaantethos, Nivadunga, Saabar-kaanda, Vainivadunga

SANSKRIT : Sehundah, Snuhi

TAMIL :   இலைக்கள்ளி [24] Ilaikkaḷḷi.

TELUGU : Aakujemmudu.


Euphorbia ligularia Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham. is a synonym of Euphorbia neriifolia L. This explains why so many names are shared.



Euphorbia maculata L.

SYNONYM(S) :  Anisophyllum maculatum (L.) Haw., Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small, Euphorbia supina Raf., Tithymalus maculatus (L.) Moench

CHINESE :  斑地锦   Ban di jin.

SPANISH :  Golondrina, Hierba golondrina, Mayo, Opata, Yerba de la golondrina.


Euphorbia marginata Pursh

SYNONYM(S) :  Euphorbia variegata Sims, Tithymalus marginatus (Pursh) Cockerell, Tithymalus variegatus (Sims) Haw.,

CHINESE : 银边翠 yin bian cui , 銀邊翠 (Taiwan).

ENGLISH :  Snow-of-the-mountain, Snow-on-the-mountain, Ghostweed [1], Japanese edelweiss, Variegated spurge [1], White-margin spurge [1], White-margined spurge.

FRENCH :  Euphorbe panachée.

GERMAN :  Schnee auf dem Berge [1], Weißrand-Wolfsmilch [1].

JAPANESE :   ゴーストウィード  Goosutou wiido,  ハツユキソウ  Hatsuyuki sou , 初雪草 Hatsuyuki kusa, スノーオンザマウンテン  Sunoo on za mauntan,  ユー フォルビア・マルギナタ  Yuuforubia maruginata.

PORTUGUESE :  Coral (Brazil) [1], Folha-de-sangue (Brazil) [1], Leiteira (Brazil) [1].

RUSSIAN :  Молочай окаймленный  Molochai okajmlennyj.

SLOVENIAN :  Obrobljeni mleček [15].

SWEDISH :  Broktörel [1].
Euphorbia mellifera Aiton

SYNONYM(S) :  Euphorbia longifolia Lam., Euphorbia longifolia Lam. var. canariensis (Boiss.) Oudejans, Euphorbia mellifera Ait., non Seub., Euphorbia mellifera Aiton var. canariensis Boiss., Euphorbia piscatoria Buch, non Aiton, Kobiosis mellifera (Aiton) Raf., Tithymalus melliferus (Aiton) Moench

ENGLISH :  Canary spurge [1], Honey spurge, Honey-scented spurge.

FRENCH :  Euphorbe mellifère.

PORTUGUESE :  Figueira-do-inferno.

RUSSIAN :  Молочай медоносный  Molochai medonosnyj.

SPANISH :  Adelfa, Filga, Tabaiba de monte, Tabaiba silvestre.

SWEDISH : Honungseuforbia [1].


Euphorbia milii  Des Moul.

SYNONYM(S) :  Euphorbia bojeri Hook., Euphorbia splendens Bojer ex Hook. var. bojeri (Hook.) Leandri

CHINESE :  猩猩草  Xīng xīng cǎo,  花麒麟 Huā qí lín,  麒 麟花 Qílín huā,番仔刺 Fān zǐ cì, 鐵海棠 Tiě hǎi táng,  萬年刺  Wàn nián cì.

DANISH : Kristi tornekrone [22] [23].

ENGLISH :  Christ's plant, Christ plant [16] [Siv], Christ's thorn [16] [Siv], Crown-of-thorns [1] [2] [16] [Siv].

FRENCH :  Couronne d'épines [16], épine du Christ [16], Euphorbe de Milius [16], Euphorbe écarlate [16].

GERMAN :  Christusdorn, Chrustusdorn [1].

GREEK :  Εφόρμπια  Efórmpia, Αγκάθι του Χριστού Ankáthi tou Christoú.

ITALIAN : Corona di spine, Spina di Cristo.

JAPANESE :  ショウジョウソ ウ Shoujou sou, 花麒麟 Shōjōsō, 花麒麟 Hanakirin, 麒麟花 Kirin hana,  鐵海棠 Tetsu kaidō.

LITHUANIAN :  Dygliuotoji karpažolė.

PORTUGUESE :  Bem-casados [1] [16] (Brazil), Coroa-de-Cristo [1] [16] (Brazil), Coroa-de-espinho [1] [16] (Brazil), Martírios [1] [16] (Brazil).

RUSSIAN :  Эуфорбия Миля Euforbiya Milya, Молочай прекрасный Molochai prekrasnyj.

SPANISH  : Corona de Cristo [1] [16], Corona de espinas [16], Espinas de Cristo [16], Gracia de Dios [16] (Cuba) [2], Tú-y-yo (Cuba) [2].

SWEDISH :   Kristi törnekrona [1] [22] .

TAMIL :  ஐங்கோண கள்ளி [Vij]  Ainkōṇa kaḷḷi [Siv].

THAI :  ไม้ รับแขก Mai rap khaek (Central Thailand), โป๊ยเซียน Poi sian,พระเจ้ารอบโลก  (Prajiao roplohk) Phrachao roplok, ระวิงระไว Rawing rawai, ว่าน เข็มพญาอินทร์ Waan khem phayaa in (Chiang Mai), ว่าน มุงเมือง Waan mung mueang (Mae Hong Son).

VIETNAMESE :  Xương rắn, Xương rồng tàu.



Euphorbia milii  Des Moul. var. milii 

Most names uder the species apply here.
Euphorbia milii  Des Moul. var. splendens (Bojer ex Hook.) Ursch. & Learndri. 

SYNONYM(S) :  Euphorbia splendens Bojer ex Hook.

ENGLISH :  Christ cactus [Siv], Madagascar spurge, Red crown of thorns [Siv].

FRENCH :  Euphorbe de Madagascar.

TAMIL :  கிரீட கள்ளி [Vij]  Kṟeeda kaḷḷi [Siv].


Euphorbia neriifolia L.

SYNONYM(S) :  Elaeophorbia neriifolia (L.) A.Chev., Euphorbia edulis Lour., Euphorbia ligularia Roxb. ex Buch.-Ham., Euphorbia pentagona Blanco, nom.illeg., Tithymalus edulis (Lour.) H.Karst.
Euphorbia nerifolia L. (mispelling)

ASSAMESE :  Hiju [3] [19].

BENGALI :  Mansasij [3] [19], Mansa-sij.

BURMESE :  Shazaung-myin-na.

ENGLISH :  Common milk hedge [Siv], Dog’s tongue [Siv], Hedge euphorbia [1] [Siv], Holy milk hedge [Siv], Indian spurge tree [26] [Siv], Leafy milk spurge [Siv], Milk hedge [19], Milk spurge [1], Oleander spurge [1] [Siv].

GERMAN :  Oleander-Wolfsmilch [1].  

GUJARATI :   Thor [19].
HINDI :  Danda thuar [19], Danda-thor [19], Gangi-chhu [19], Patton-ke-send [19],  पाटोबनिकसेनड [26] Pattonkisend [26], Patton-ki-send [19], Pattonkisend [19],  सेहुनड  Sehund [19] [26], Sij [19], थोहार [26] Thohar [26], Thoh [19].

KANNADA :  Elegalli [19], Elekalli [3] [19], Ilaikalli [3] [19], Irekalli [19], Yalekalli [19], Yellegulla [19], Yellikalli [19].

MALAY :  Godong entong (Java), Sesudu, Sudu-sudu (Malay Peninsula), Suru (Java).

MALAYALAM :  Elakkalli [3] [19], Ilaikalli [3] [19], Ilakalli [3] [19], Ilakkalli [3] [19], Kalli [3] [19]

MARATHI :  Mingut [3] [19], Nevagunda [3] [19], Newrang [3] [19], Nial kamtem [3] [19], Thora [3] [19], Vayinivadunga [3] [19].

ORIYA : Svarasana [3] [19].

RUSSIAN :  Молочай олеандролистный  Molochai olyeandrolistnyj.

SANSKRIT :  Gudha [3] [19], Nagarika [3] [19], Nanda [3] [19], Nistrinsapatra [3] [19], Patrasnuhi [3] [19], Patrasnuk [3] [19], Puttakarie [3] [19], Sakhakanda [3] [19], Samantadugdhaka [3] [19], Seej [3] [19], Sehunda [3] [19], सॆहुण्डशाक [25] Sehuṇḍaśāka, Snoohi [3] [19], Snuhi [3] [19] [26], Snuk [3] [19], Sudha [3] [19], Svarasana [3] [19], Vajra [3] [19], Vajravrksa [3] [19], Vajri [3] [19], Vijri [3] [19], Vujri [3] [19].

SINHALESE :  Kola pathok [Siv], Kolapathok, Patak [Siv].

SWEDISH :  Oleandereuforbia [1].

TAMIL :  Ainkonakkalli [3] [19], Anaittarukkan [3] [19], Aranciruku [3] [19], Caciyami [3] [19], Caciyamikkalli [3] [19], Camattuttaccam [3] [19], Catakkai [3] [19], Catakk [19] , Ilai chevi kaḷḷi [Siv],   இலைக்கள்ளி  Ilaikkaḷḷi [3] ,  Ilai kaḷḷi [Siv], Nāi nākki [Siv], Nāi nākku kaḷḷi [Siv], Peṟum māṉ sevi kaḷḷi [Siv], Sevi kaḷḷi [Siv].

TELUGU :  Aku-jemudu [3] [19], Akujamuduv [19], Akujemudu [3] [19], Akujimudu [3] [19].

URDU : Thuhar [3] .




WARNING : Although the epithets of some synonyms mean edible (edulis) this plant, like a number of Euphorbia species,  has been found to be irritating to the eyes, and the sap is irritant to the skin and throat. It has been used to destroy warts. So its edibility is very much doubtful...unless some culinary trick is necessary to make it so.

Euphorbia nivulia Buch.-Ham.

SYNONYM(S) :  Euphorbia helicothele Lem., Euphorbia nivullia Lam., nom. illeg., Euphorbia nivullia Buch.-Ham., nom. illeg., Euphorbia varians Haw.

BENGALI :  Sij [3].

ENGLISH :  Dog’s tongue cactus [Siv], Leafy milk hedge [Siv], Holy milk cactus [Siv].
HINDI :  Ghota thor [3], काटाथोहार  Katathohar [3] [26] , Sehund [3], Sehur, Senhur [3], Thuhar [3].

KANNADA :  ಎಲೆಕಳ್ಳಿ [25]  Elekaḷḷi ,   ದುಂಡುಕಳ್ಳಿ [25]  Duṇḍukaḷḷi.

MALAYALAM :  Ela calli [3], Elaculli [3], Ilakalli [3], Ilakkalli [3], Yallakalli [3], Yellakalli [3].

ORIYA :  Svarasana [3].

SANSKRIT :  Patrasnuhi [3] [26] , Vajri [3] [26] .

SPANISH :  Cardón de hojas (Cuba).

TAMIL :  Kiḷai muḷḷu kaḷḷi [Siv],  மண்செவிக்கள்ளி [24] Maṇcevikkaḷḷi, மான் செவிக்கள்ளி [Vij]  Māṉ cevikkaḷḷi, Manchevi kalli [3],  Māṉsevi kaḷḷi [Siv],  Nāga ilai kaḷḷi [Siv],  Nāṉā kaḷḷi [Siv], Silai kaḷḷi [Siv].

TELUGU :  Aakujemmudu [3], Akoojemmoodoo [3], Aku jemudu [3].



Some authors give E. varians as a synonym of this taxon , "The Plant List" recognizes it as a valid separate species!!


Euphorbia parviflora L.

SYNONYM(S) :  Anisophyllum piluliferum (L.) Haw., Chamaesyce pilulifera (L.) Small, Euphorbia pilulifera L., nom. rej., Euphorbia tenuis Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, Tithymalus piluliferus (L.) Moench, 

ENGLISH :  Australian asthma weed [Siv].

SINHALESE :  Budadakiriya [Siv], Maha dadakiriya [Siv].

TAMIL :  பெரியம்மான் பச்சரிசி [Vij]  Peṟiyammān pachchaṟisi [Siv], Peṟiya pālāvi [Siv].


Euphorbia peplis L.

SYNONYM(S) :   Euphorbia rubescens Link, Tithymalus peplis (L.) Scop.,

ARABIC : هنيبل (Egypt) [18].

ENGLISH :  Purple spurge [1].

FRENCH : Euphorbe Péplis.

PORTUGUESE :  Maleiteira-das-areias [1].

SLOVENIAN :  Nasprotnolistni mleček, Obmorski mleček [15].

SPANISH :  Péplide [1].

SWEDISH :  Strandtörel [1].


Euphorbia peplus L.

SYNONYM(S) :  Esula peplus (L.) Haw.,  Euphorbia peploides Gouan, Euphorbia pusilla Lag., Euphorbia pusillima Post, Euphorbia rotundifolia Loisel., Tithymalus peplus (L.) Gaertner.

ARABIC :  خنيز    Khnez [35].

CHINESE : 南欧大戟   Nan ou da ji , 荸艾類大戟  (Taiwan)

DANISH : Gaffel-vortemælk [22].

ENGLISH :  Petty spurge [1], Radium plant.

FINNISH :  Kolmisädetyräkki.

FRENCH : Euphorbe des jardiniers, Euphorbe des jardins [1], Ésule ronde, Euphorbe des vignes, Euphorbe Omblette, Euphorbe Péplus.

GERMAN :  Garten-Wolfsmilch [1].

NORWEGIAN :  Byvortemjølk.

PORTUGUESE :  Alfavaca-venenosa (Brazil) [1], Ésula-redonda [1], Leiteira-de-jardim (Brazil) [1].

RUSSIAN :  Молочай огородный  Molochai ogorodnyj.

SLOVENIAN :  Vrtni mleček [15].

SPANISH :  Albahaca venenosa (Mexico), Ésula redonda, Hierba del coyote (Mexico), Leche-tresma (Mexico), Lechearena, Lechecina, Lecheinterna, Lechera, Lecheriega,Lecherina, Lecherina brava, Lecheros, Lecheterna, Lechetrezna, Lechetrezna tomagallos, Lechetreznilla, Lechibravía, Lechieterna, Lechiterna, Lechitierna, Lechocino, Letrera, Peplo, Rechitierna de sombrilla, Rechitiernas, Siempre verde (Mexico), Tamagallos, Tesula redonda, Titímalo, Tomagallos [1], Tornagallos,  Tésula redonda.

SWEDISH :  Rävtörel [1] [22].

Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch.

SYNONYM(S) :  Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch. var. plenissima hort., Poinsettia pulcherrima (Willd. ex Klotzsch) Graham

CHINESE :  一品红  Yi pin hong,  聖誕紅  (Taiwan).

DANISH : Julestjerne [22].

DUTCH :  Poinsettia.

ENGLISH :  Christmas-flower [1] [Siv], Christmas-star [1] [Siv], Common poinsettia, Dazzle, Lobsterplant [1], Lobster plant [Siv], Mexican flame leaf [Siv], Mexican flameleaf [1], Mexican poinsettia [Siv], Paintedleaf [1], Poinsettia [1] [Siv].

FRENCH :  Euphorbe écarlate.

GERMAN :  Weihnachtsstern .

JAPANESE :  ポインセチア  Poinsechia, ショウジョウボク  (shōjōboku)  Shoujouboku ,  猩猩木  (shōjōboku) Shoujouboku.

LITHUANIAN :  Puošniausioji karpažolė.

MALAY :  Dènok (Malay Peninsula), Godong ratjoon (Java), Kastooba (Sunda Islands), Ratjoonan (Java).

PORTUGUESE :  Flor-de-papagaio (Brazil) [1], Folha-de-sangue (Brazil) [1], Papagaio (Brazil) [1], Poinsétia (Brazil) [1].

RUSSIAN :  Молочай красивейший  Molochai krasivyeishij, Пуансеттия Puansettiia.

SPANISH : Flor de pascua [1], Flor de noche buena, Flor de Santa Catarina, Pascuero [1].

SWEDISH :  Julstjärna [22].

TAMIL :  Ilai paddi [Siv], மயில் கள்ளி [Vij] Mayil kaḷḷi [Siv], பூ கள்ளி [Vij]  Poo kaḷḷi [Siv].

THAI :  ชื่ออื่น  Cheu eun, โพผัน Poh pan , สองระดู   Song ra-doo.



This plant has been confused by some authors, mostly bloggers, with Poinciana pulcherrima which is a synonym of Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Caesalpinia is a tropical tree-legume appreciated for its flowers outdoors. The Poinsettia which is a synonym of  Euphorbia on the other hand is better known for its spectacular foliage and is often used as an indoor ornamental.


Euphorbia resinifera O. Berg.

ARABIC :  لبانة مغربية   Lubānā maghrabīyā,  طيكجوت  Tikjout (Maroc - Morocco).

DANISH :  Marokkansk euforbie.

ENGLISH : African spurge, Gum euphorbia, Resin spurge.

FRENCH :  Euphorbe cactiforme à quatre côtes, Euphorbe du Maghreb, Euphorbe du maroc, Euphorbe mellifère, Euphorbe résinifère.

GERMAN :  Harz-Wolfsmilch.

GREEK :  ευφορβία η ρητινοφόρος.

ITALIAN :  Euforbia resinifera.

LITHUANIAN :  Kaučiukinė karpažolė.

PORTUGUESE :  Maleiteira, Mama-leite.

RUSSIAN :  Молочай смолоносный  Molochai smolonosnyj.

SWEDISH :  Prustkåda.


Euphorbia rosea Retz.

SYNONYM(S) :  Anisophyllum roseum (Retz.) Haw., Chamaesyce rosea (Retz.) G.L.Webster, Chamaesyce glaucescens (Willd.) V.S. Raju, Euphorbia glaucescens Willd., Tithymalus rosea (Retz.) Raf.

ENGLISH :  Rosy spurge [Siv].

SINHALESE : Mudu dadakiriya [Siv].

TAMIL :  சிவப்பம்மான் பச்சரிசி [Vij]  Sivappammāṉ pachaṟisi [Siv].



Euphorbia rothiana Spreng.

SYNONYM(S) :  Euphorbia javanica Jungh., Euphorbia oreophila Miq., Tithymalus rothianus (Spreng.) Klotzsch & Garcke,

ENGLISH :  Common hill spurge [Siv].

SINHALESE :  Awaiting feedback.

TAMIL :  கானல் கள்ளி [Vij]  Kāṉal kaḷḷi [Siv], மலை கள்ளி [Vij]  Malai kaḷḷi [Siv].

Euphorbia sarcostemmatoides Dinter

SYNONYM(S) :  Tirucalia sarcostemmatoides (Dinter) P.V. Heath

ENGLISH :  Namibia spurge.

Euphorbia sarcostemmoides J. H. Willis

ENGLISH :  Climbing caustic spurge, Western Australian spurge.

FRENCH :  Euphorbe caustique.

GERMAN : Ätzende Wolfsmilch.

RUSSIAN :  Kаустической молочай  Kausticheskoi molochai.
Euphorbia segetalis L.

SYNONYM(S) :  Esula segetalis (L.) Haw.,  Keraselma segetale (L.) Raf., Tithymalus segetalis (L.) Hill    

DUTCH : Koren-Wolfsmelk.

ENGLISH : Corn spurge [1], Meadow Spurge, Shortstem Carnation weed
.

FRENCH : Euphorbe des moissons.

GERMAN : Saat-Wolfsmilch [1].

ITALIAN : Euforbia campestre.

PORTUGUESE : Alforva-brava
.

RUSSIAN :  Молочай пашенный  Molochai pashennyj.

SLOVENIAN : Žitni mleček
[15] .

Euphorbia spinosa L.

SYNONYM(S) :  Euphorbia melitensis Parl.

ENGLISH :  Spiny spurge [Siv].

SWEDISH :  Taggtörel.

TAMIL :  முட்கள்ளி [Vij]  Mud kaḷḷi [Siv].
Euphorbia subcordata C. A. Meyer ex Ledeb.
 
SYNONYM(S) :  Euphorbia distincta Stschegl., nom. illeg., Tithymalus subcordatus Klotzsch & Garcke.

FRENCH :    Awaiting feedback.

RUSSIAN :  Молочай полусердцевидный  Molochai poluserdtsevidnyj.


Euphorbia terracina L.

SYNONYM(S) :  Esula terracina (L.) Fourr., Euphorbia italica G.Tineo, nom. illeg., Euphorbia italica Lam.,  Euphorbia heterophylla Desf., nom. illeg., Euphorbia neapolitana Ten., Euphorbia obtusifolia Lam., Euphorbia purpurascens Salzm. ex Ball, Euphorbia seticornis Poir., Euphorbia verna Salzm. ex Ball, Tithymalus terracinus (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke

CATALAN :  Lleteresa [8] , Lleteresa terracina [8] , Lletrera [8] .

ENGLISH :  False capers [1], Geraldton carnation spurge [1], Geraldton carnation weed [1].

FRENCH :  Euphorbe de Terracine, Euphorbe terracine.

JAPANESE :  ユーフォルビア・テラキナ 

RUSSIAN :  Эуфорбия разнолистная Euforbiya raznolistnaya, Эуфорбия террасина Euforbiya terrasina, Эуфорбия терразина Euforbiya terrazina,  Эуфорбия туполистная Euforbiya tupolistnaya, Эуфорбия верна Euforbiya verna.

SPANISH :  Ésula-das-areias, Lechetrezna.

Euphorbia thymifolia L.

SYNONYM(S) :  Chamaesyce thymifolia (L.) Millsp., Euphorbia microphylla Lam., Euphorbia rubrosperma Lotsy
BENGALI :  Nanha pusi toa, Raktakerui, Shwet-keruee.

ENGLISH :  Chickenweed [Siv] (as C. thymifolia) [1], Gulf sandmat [Siv] (as C. thymifolia) [1] [26], Thyme leaf spurge [Siv], Thyme-leaved spurge.

HINDI : छोटी दुधी  Choti-dudhi [2] [26] , Chothadudhi [3], Chhotidudhi, Chhoti-dudhi [3], Duddhi [3], Dudhiya [3], Nigachuni [3].

KANNADA : Bilechitra phala, Bilee chitraphala [3].

MALAYALAM :  Caicotten-pala [3], Nilappala [3].

ORIYA : Rangoalathi [3].

PERSIAN :  Hazardanah [3].

RUSSIAN :  Молочай тимъянолистный  Molochai tim'ianolistnyj.

SANSKRIT :  Dugdhika [3], Gorakshadugdhi [3], Laghudugdhi, Laghududhika [2] [3] [26], Raktabinducchada [3], Raktavindachada [3], Raktavinduchada [3].

SINHALESE :  Bindadakiriya [2] [Siv], Chittirapalavi [2].

SPANISH :  Golondrina (as C. thymifolia) [1].

TAMIL :  அம்மன் பச்சரிசி [24] (Ammaṉ paccarici)  Ammam pacharisi, Peṟu siththiṟa pāllādai [Siv], Peṟu siththirai pālāvi [Siv], Peṟung kuṟumpai [Siv].

TELUGU : Bidurunabiyam [3], Bidurunanabiyam [3].

VIETNAMESE :   Co sa dat, Co sa nho lá  ????


Euphorbia tirucalli L.

SYNONYM(S) :  Arthrothamnus tirucalli (L.) Klotzsch & Garcke, Euphorbia laro Drake, Tirucalia indica Raf., Tirucalia tirucalli (L.) P.V. Heath

AMHARIC :  Kinchib.

ARABIC :  Azfur zukkum. [2] [3], Injil, Zaqqume hindi [3] . 

BENGALI :  Lanka sij [3] [19], Latadaona [19], Siju [3].

CHINESE :   绿玉树 Lü yu shu.   綠珊瑚 Taiwan

DANISH :  Levende pind [22].

ENGLISH :  African milkbush [7] [Siv], Finger euphorbia, Finger tree [Siv], Firestick plant [Siv], Indian spurge tree, Indian tree spurge [1] [2] [4] [19] [Siv], Milk bush [19] [Siv], Milk hedge [7] [Siv], Naked lady [Siv], Pencil bush [Siv], Pencil cactus, Pencil tree [Siv], Petroleum plant [Siv], Rubber euphorbia, Tirucalli rubber [3].

FRENCH :  Arbre de Saint-Sebastien,   Euphorbe antivenérien [2] (incorrect - nom féminin), Euphorbe antivenérienne, Euphorbe éffilée, Garde maison, Liane sans feuille.

GERMAN :  Benzin-Wolfsmilch , Bleistiftstrauch, Latex-Wolfsmilch

GREEK :  Εφόρμπια εριτρέα.

GUJARATI :  Thor dandalio [19].

HINDI :  Barki-sehund  [3], कोनपाल Konpal [19], Konpahlsehnd  [3], Konpal-sehnd  [3], कोनपाल सेहुनड  Konpal sehund [2], सेहुनड Sehund [19].

KANNADA :  Bonta kalli [3] [4] [19], ಮೊಂಡುಗಳ್ಳಿ [25] Moṇḍugaḷḷi.

MALAY :  Getih urip (Java) [2], Kaju tangan (Java) [2], Kayu patah, Tentulang, Tikel tosan (Java) [2], Tulang, Tulang-tulang (Malaysia) [2]

MALAYALAM :  Guda [3], Kalli [3], Kol kalli [3], Tirukalli [3].

MARATHI :  Kada nivali [3], Shera [3] [19], Vajraduhu [3] [19].

ORIYA :  Vajradruma [3].

PERSIAN :  Shir tothar [2] [3].

PORTUGUESE :  Almeidinha [2] (dried latex), Aveloz, Cassoneira.

RUSSIAN :  Молочай тирукалли  Molochai tirukalli.

SANSKRIT :  सातला [25] Sātalā, Trikantaka [2] [19], Vajradruma [2] [19].

SINHALESE :  Nawa handi [Siv].

SPANISH :  Alfabeto chino, Aveloz, Consuelda [2], Disciplinilla (Cuba) [2], Esqueleto, Palito.

SWAHILI :  Malangili, Malanfili, Mtupa mwitu, Mtovua macho, Mwasi, Mwasi mchakaazi, Mchakaazi.

SWEDISH :  Gummieuforbia [22]. 

TAGALOG :  Katuit, Konsuerda, Putputud, Suerda.

TAMIL :  Eli pālai,  கள்ளி [4] [24] Kalli.[3] [4] [19], Kodi kaḷḷi, Kompu kaḷḷi, Thadi kaḷḷi,  Thiru kaḷḷi, திருகள்ளி (Tirukaḷḷi) Tirukalli [4] [19].

TELUGU :  Chemudu [3] [19], Kada jemudu [3] [19].

VIETNAMESE :  Cành giao [VS], Cây xương cá [2] [VS], Cây xương khô [VS],  Xương khô [VS], San hô xanh [VS].

VISAYAN :  Solda-solda (Philippines).

Euphorbia tithymaloides L.

SYNONYM(S) :  Pedilanthus tithymaloides (L.) Poit.

ENGLISH : Devil's backbone [Siv] (as P. tithymaloides), Japanese poinsettia [Siv] (as P. tithymaloides), Jew’s bush [Siv], Jew’s slipper [Siv], Milkbush (as P. tithymaloides), Red bird flower cactus [Siv], Redbird cactus (as P. tithymaloides), Redbird flower (as P. tithymaloides), Slipper flower [Siv] (as P. tithymaloides), Slipperplant (as P. tithymaloides), Slipper spurge [Siv], Zigzag plant [Siv].

SWEDISH :  Skobuske.

TAMIL :  கண்ணாடி கள்ளி [Vij]  Kaṇṇādi kaḷḷi [Siv].


Euphorbia tortilis Rottler ex Ainslie

ENGLISH : Spiral milk hedge [Siv].

TAMIL :  இடம்புரி கள்ளி [Vij]  Idampuṟi kaḷḷi [Siv], திருகு கள்ளி [Vij]  Thiṟuku kaḷḷi [Siv], Vakkira kantham [Siv].

SINHALESE :  Sinuk [Siv].


Euphorbia triangularis Desf. ex A. Berger

SYNONYM(S) :  Euphorbia hermentiana Lem.

AFRIKAANS :  Riviernaboom.

ENGLISH :  River euphorbia [Siv], Tree euphorbia.

TAMIL :  ஆற்றங்கள்ளி [Vij]  Āttrang kaḷḷi [Siv].

Euphorbia trigona Mill.

SYNONYM(S) :   Euphorbia hermentiana Lem.

BURMESE :  Sha-shoung-leknyo .

DANISH :  "Cowboy-kaktus", Trekantsøjle [22].

ENGLISH :  African milk tree [1] [Siv].

GERMAN :  Dreikantige Wolfsmilch.

ITALIAN :  Euforbia dell'Africa subsahariana.

JAPANESE :  彩雲閣

KANNADA :  Mandagalli.

MALAY :  Tulang-tulang (Malaysia) [2].

RUSSIAN :  Молочай треугольный Molochai  tryeugolʹnyj,  Молочай трёгранный Molochai trëgrannyj.

SANSKRIT :  Nanda, Vajra, Vajravrksa.

SWEDISH :  Trekantseuforbia.

TAGALOG :  Katuit (Philippines) [2], Putputud (Philippines) [2].

TAMIL :  கள்ளி [4] Kalli.[3] [4], Mandangalli, Mantankalli, முக்கோண கள்ளி [Vij] Mukkōṇa kaḷḷi [Siv], Muntukalli , பால் கள்ளி [Vij]  Palkalli.

TELUGU :  Cattimandu, Kathimandu, Mudumula-jemudu.

THAI :  สลัดได บ้าน Salatdai baan, เคียะฮั้ว Khia hua (Mae Hong Son).

VIETNAMESE : Xương rồng kiểng: Tên khoa học là.




REFERENCES
General Bibliography

+

REFERENCES
General & specific on-line

+

REFERENCES
Complementary / Specific

 



[1]   USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN) [Online Database].  National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.  URL: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genform.pl (14 May 2012).

[2]   Mansfeld's World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops. < http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/pls/htmldb_pgrc/f?p=185:3:0::NO::: >.

[3]    FRLHT ENVIS, 2012, Encyclopedia on Indian Medicinal Plants Nomenclature Database. ENVIS Centre on Medicinal Plants. Foundation for Revitalisation of Local Health Traditions (FRLHT) & Environmental Information System (ENVIS). Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India.  < http://envis.frlht.org/bot_search.php >.

[4]    efloraofindia, 2012, Group discussions & efloraofindia website. Discussion string : < https://groups.google.com/d/msg/indiantreepix/5ZoybdeGEok/trQUWYw4vaUJ >.  Homepage : < https://sites.google.com/site/efloraofindia/ >. Includes a database of Indian plants (native and introduced) with photos and plant names in various Indian languages.

[5]   F.O.C. 2012, eFlora of China. < http://www.efloras.org/index.aspx >.

[6]   F.O.T. 2012, Digital Flora of Taiwan. < http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=100 >.

[7]   F.O.P. 2012, Flora of Pakistan. < http://www.tropicos.org/Project/Pakistan >.

[8]    Jover, M. 2007 - El poblament vegetal del massís del Montgrí, les illes Medes i I'antic estany de Sobrestany. Treball de recerca desenvolupat dins del programa de doctorat de Medi Ambient (IMA-UdG). Girona. HGI: Herbari de la Universitat de Girona. < http://www.floracatalana.net/llistes/flora-del-montgri >.

[9]    "SOPHY" , 2006 - 2012,  Banque de données Botaniques et Ecologiques. Association d'Informatique Appliquée à la Botanique (A.I.A.B.). Authors Patrice de RUFFRAY, Henry BRISSE, Gilles GRANDJOUAN et al. Site by Emmanuel GARBOLINO. < http://sophy.u-3mrs.fr/photohtm/FI351.HTM >.

[10]   Cappers R.T.J., Bekker R. Neef & Bekker R.M. , 2009 , Digital Atlas of Economic Plants. Part of the Digital Plant Atlas - a joint project of the Groningen Institute of Archaeology (GIA), the Community and Conservation Ecology Group (COCON), both of the University of Groningen (the Netherlands), and the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut (DAI, Berlin, Germany). Published by Barkhuis in the Groningen Archaeological Studies series.

[11]   Google Translate < http://translate.google.com/#nl|en| >. Great tool for sound and transcriptions in some languages, less exciting for translations.

[12]   Википедия 2012, Молоча́й. (Euphorbia L. Russian Wikipedia).  < http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B9 >.

[13]    Liber Herbarum II < http://www.liberherbarum.com/pn0570.HTM >.

[14]  Wikipedia Commons < http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia_amygdaloides >, < http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Euphorbia_cyparissias >.

[15]  Družine male flore razvrščene po slovenskem imenu (Families of young Slovenian flora sorted by name). < http://smara.si/seznami/druzine_slo/mleckovke_Dr081.html >.


[16]  Pietro Puccio 2012, in MAZZA Giuseppe (Dr.), Plants. < http://www.photomazza.com/?-Search-&lang= >.

[17]   Kew R.B.G., 2012, World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (aka The Plant List), Euphorbia L. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. <  http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/synonomy.do?name_id=82490 >, < http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/qsearch.do?plantName=Euphorbia&page=quickSearch >.

[18]   “Wikilengua: Plantae Mundi”, 2012, desde < http://www.wikilengua.org/index.php/Wikilengua:Plantae_Mundi >.

[19]  Deepak Acharya (Dr.), 2009, Abhumka-Patalkot-Herb Database.  Abhumka Herbal Pvt. Ltd.  < http://www.patalkot.com/Herb%20Database/ >.  Names in botanical Latin, and romanised Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu.

[20]    Bio-Diversity India. India Biodiversity Portal (IBP). < http://indiabiodiversity.org/ >.

[21]      Flora Iberica. <  http://www.floraiberica.es/eng/PHP/generos_lista.php >. < http://www.floraiberica.es/eng/PHP/cientificos_.php?gen=Euphorbia >.

[22]     Danskt-svenskt lexikon för växtnamn (ca 5000 arter). < http://www.dansk-og-svensk.dk/danskt_lexikon2/Vaxtarter/Vaxtarter_Latinskt_index_D-H.htm >.

[23]   IATE , 2004 - 2012, InterActive Terminology for Europe. Version 1.4.6. EU inter-institutional terminology database, administered by the Translation Centre for the Bodies of the European Union in Luxembourg on behalf of the project partners. < http://iate.europa.eu/iatediff/SearchByQueryLoad.do?method=load >.

[24]      THOZHILNUTPAM.com, 2010,  அகம் தொழில்நுட்பம் இணைய தகவல்தளம். தமிழ் மூலிகை அருஞ்சொற்பொருள்.
புதுப்பிப்பு வெள்ளிக்கிழமை, 23ஆடவை-மடங்கல், 2010.  (Agricultural library, Online database, Tamil Herb Glossary - Updated Friday, 23 Jul. - Sept. 2010).  < http://tamildictionary.50webs.com/herbs/ >.

[25]      Kumar Ganesh (Dr.), 2004 - 2012, Sanskrit - Kannada - Botanical Latin names, Botany Section. Ayurvediccommunity.com, Trayee Foundation, Bangalore. < http://ayurvediccommunity.com/ >.

[26]   uBio , 2009, Universal Biological Indexer and Organizer. The Marine Biological Laboratory. The uBio Taxonomic Name Server acts as a name Thesaurus, Namebank and ClassificationBank . < http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=2667055 >, < http://www.ubio.org/ >.

[27]   Kerala Promoter, 2007, Malayalam (romanised) Name of (medicinal) Herbs. < http://www.keralapromoter.com/keralaayurveda/kerala-herb-a.html >.

[28]  MyLanguages.org, 2010, Transliterator Roman -> Malayalam. < http://mylanguages.org/malayalam_transliteration.php >.

[29M]   Wikipedia - Malayalam  < This URL is too long to display- click here. >.

[29H]   Wikipedia - Hindi  < This URL is too long to display- click here. >.

[30]   xobdo.org , 2006 - 2010, Assamese - English Dictionary. < http://www.xobdo.net/dic/index.php >. Excellent work provided by volunteers.

[31]  Flowers of India, 2010, < http://www.flowersofindia.net/botanical.html >. Many photos and Indian names by many authors.

[32]  Google Translate < http://translate.google.com/#nl|en| >. Great tool for sound and transcriptions in some languages, less exciting for translations.

[33]  Cappers R.T.J., Bekker R. Neef & Bekker R.M. , 2009 , Digital Atlas of Economic Plants. Part of the Digital Plant Atlas - a joint project of the Groningen Institute of Archaeology (GIA), the Community and Conservation Ecology Group (COCON), both of the University of Groningen (the Netherlands), and the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut (DAI, Berlin, Germany). Published by Barkhuis in the Groningen Archaeological Studies series.

[34]  Lexilogos 2012, Online Multilingual keyboard. Sinhala.  < http://www.lexilogos.com/clavier/sinhala.htm >. Excellent when converting a "gif word" into a scripted name.

[35]  Jacob Thomas Pandalayil (Dr.), 2012, Flora of Saudi Arabia,   الأسماء العربية / الأسماء المحلية من النباتات في المملكة العربية السعودية   Arabic Names of species. Dept. of Botany & Microbiology, King Saud University, Riyadh.  <http://plantdiversityofsaudiarabia.info/Biodiversity-Saudi-Arabia/Flora/Checklist/Arabic%20Names.Local%20Names.flora%20of%20Saudi%20Arabia.htm >.

[36]  Wikipedia - ଉଇକିପିଡ଼ିଆ - Oriya. This URL is too long to display- click here  ,   This URL is too long to display- click here  , Oriya alphabet. < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriya_alphabet >.

[37]  Names of Plants in India. < https://sites.google.com/site/indiannamesofplants/home >.

[38] Katzer Gernot, 2012, The Spice Pages - Indian Scripts Index for Herbs and Spices. < http://www.uni-graz.at/~katzer/engl/spice_indic.html >.

[39]  Praharaj G. C., 1932 - 1950, Date, Yasavanta Ramakrshna. Maharashtra sabdakosa. Pune: Maharashtra Kosamandala. Purnnachandra Ordia Bhashakosha. Digital Dictionaries of South Asia. < http://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.32:23.praharaj >.

PROTA, 2013, Plant Resources of Tropical Africa, now integrated into PROTA4U (interactive webdatabase). < http://www.prota4u.org/searchresults.asp >. < http://www.prota4u.org/protaindex.asp >.

[40]  Webdunia.com, 2009, Webdunia Utilities, Transliterators for Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Punjabi, Tamil & Telugu. < http://utilities.webdunia.com/hindi/transliteration.html >.

[40]  Anonymous blogger, 2012, Learn Oriya Online. < http://learnoriya.blogspot.com.au/p/home.html >.   

[Siv]   A. Sivapalan (Personal communication).

[Vij]  Vijayasankar Raman (Personal communication).

[VS]  Multiple sources.

[MHP]  Porcher Michel H., 1995 - 2020, Multiscript Multilingual Plant Name Database. MMPND. The sources of these names would be too numerous to list. They generally have been suggested to us or we have found them in some publication (not always trustworthy or accurate in every way. It is very likely that we have cross-referenced every one of those names. The likelyhood of any remaining inaccurate is small but real.


Contributors to this page (Personal communication) : A. Sivapalan, Vijayasankar Raman.

 

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