Species on this page ( A = names approved by most authorities, s = approved as synonyms) :

 
• Trapa bicornis Osbeck
• Trapa bicornis Osbeck var. bicornis
• Trapa bicornis Osbeck var. bispinosa (Roxb.) Nakano -> Trapa natans L. var. bispinosa (Roxb.) Makino
• Trapa bicornuta L. -> Trapa bicornis Osbeck
• Trapa bispinosa Roxb. -> Trapa natans L. var. bispinosa (Roxb.) Makino
• Trapa bispinosa Roxb. var. incisa Franch. & Sav. -> Trapa natans L. var. incisa Makino
• Trapa cochinchinensis Lour. -> Trapa bicornis Osbeck var. cochinchinensis (Lour.) Glück ex Steenis
• Trapa incisa Siebold & Zucc. -> Trapa natans L. var. incisa Makino
• Trapa korshinskyi V. N. Vassil.
• Trapa litwinowii V. N. Vassil.
• Trapa maximowiczii Korsh.
• Trapa natans L. A
• Trapa natans L. var. bispinosa (Roxb.) Makino
• Trapa natans L. var. incisa Makino
• Trapa natans L. var. inermis Mao
• Trapa natans L. var. natans
• Trapa natans L. var. rubeola Maxim. f. viridis Sugimoto
• Trapa quadricornis Stokes -> Trapa natans L. A
• Trapa quadrispinosa Roxb. -> Trapa natans L. A

   

Notes

SYNONYM(S) : Trapa bicornuta L.

CHINESE : Wu ling.

ENGLISH : Asian water chestnut, Horn chestnut, Horn-nut.

FRENCH : Châtaigne d'eau à deux cornes, Châtaigne d'eau à fruit noir.

GERMAN : Chinesische Wassernuß.

RUSSIAN : Vodianoi orekh dvurogii.

SPANISH : Castaña de agua.

Most names under the species (above) would apply to this variety.

HINDI : Ikiliya  (India)  <- INVESTIGATE - this is Sinhalese for T. bispinosa.

RUSSIAN : Vodianoi orekh dvurogii.

THAI : Kra chap khao laem.

SYNONYM(S) : Trapa cochinchinensis Lour.

FRENCH : Châtaigne d'eau indochinoise, Châtaigne d'eau du Cochin.

THAI : Kra chap khao thu.

CHINESE : Shui ci ling.

ENGLISH : Large-spined singhara nut.

SYNONYM(S) : Trapa korshinskyi V. N. Vassil., Trapa litwinowii V. N. Vassil.

CHINESE : Qiu jiao ling (as T. japonica), Wu guan ling (as T. korshinskyi), Guan ling (as T. litwinowii).

JAPANESE : Hishi.

 RUSSIAN :   Водяной орех японский   Vodianoi orekh  iaponskii.

See note 3 below.

CHINESE : Wu guan ling

CHINESE : Guan ling

CHINESE : Xiao guo ling, Xi guo ye ling.

KOREAN : Awaiting for feedback.

 RUSSIAN :   Водяной орех Максимовича  Vodianoi orekh Maksimovicha.

SYNONYM(S) : Trapa quadricornis Stokes, Trapa quadrispinosa Roxb.

CHINESE : Ci ling, Ou ling, Si jiao ling (as T. quadrispinosa), Ye ling.

DANISH : Hornnød, Vandkastanje.

DUTCH : Waternoot, Waterkastanje.

ENGLISH : Bull nut (USA), European water chestnut, Jesuit's nut, Jesuits' nut, Ling nut, Water nut, Water caltrop, Water chestnut.

FINNISH : Vesipähkinä.

FRENCH : Châtaigne d'eau, Châtaigne d'eau à quatre cornes (as T. quadrispinosa), Châtaigne d'eau tetracorne (as T. quadrispinosa), Châtaigne d'eau européenne, Cornelle, Corniche (Canada), Cornue, Marron d'eau, Mâcre commune, Noix aquatique, Trape, Trape d'eau (Canada),

GERMAN :  Wassernuß, Wasserkastanie.

HUNGARIAN : Sulyom. Sulyomfélék. <- check meaning of "félék".

ITALIAN : Castagna d'acqua, Trapa, Tribolo acquatico.

JAPANESE : Oni bishi, Ko oni bishi.

NORWEGIAN : Vassnøtt.

POLISH : Kotewka , Orzech wodny.

PORTUGUESE : Castanha d'água.

RUSSIAN : Orech vodianoi, Vodianoi orekh plavaiushchii.

SPANISH : Abrojo de agua, Castaña de agua.

SWEDISH : Sjönöt.

THAI : Kra chom, Ma ngaeng.

UNIDENTIFIED : Cornaci (Moldavie ?).

SYNONYM(S) : Trapa bispinosa Roxb., Trapa bicornis Osbeck var. bispinosa (Roxb.) Nakano

BENGALI : Paniphal.

CHINESE : Ling (as T. bispinosa), Ling jiao.

ENGLISH : Singhara nut.

FRENCH : Châtaigne d'eau à deux cornes, Châtaigne d'eau bicorne.

GERMAN : Singharanuß .

HINDI : Singhara.

JAPANESE : Hishi, Tou bishi.

NEPALESE : Singadaa (Singad - as T. bispinosa).

RUSSIAN : Vodianoi orekh dvukhkoliuchkovyi.

SINHALESE : Ikiliya, Singhara.

SYNONYM(S) : Trapa bispinosa Roxb. var. incisa Franch. & Sav., Trapa incisa Siebold & Zucc.

CHINESE : Si jiao ke ye ling, Ye ling.

ENGLISH : Tinghara nut.

JAPANESE : Hime bishi.

THAI : Kra chap.

RUSSIAN :  Водяной орех выемчатолистный    Vodianoi orekh vyemchatolistnyi.

Most names under the species (above) would apply to this variety.

JAPANESE : Oni bishi.

1. Re. : Trapa japonica Flerov

A Global Compendium of Weeds places both Trapa korshinskyi V. N. Vassil. & Trapa litwinowii V. N. Vassil. as synonyms. The Chinese descriptions and names however differ. We have placed the 3 species together as well as separately for a doubt remains as to the synonymy.

2. BENGALI : Paniphal = Water chestnut (botanical name uncertain) ... but ...

HINDI : Paniphal = Arrowroot.

3. Generally there is a lot of confusion throughout the world about the vegetable called "water chestnut". The first confusion is between the European Trapa and the Chinese Eleocharis. Then people get lost within each of those genera because common names have never been properly matched to stabilised botanical names. In the past there was hardly any stabilised specific name. Today there are very clever taxonomists in the west as well as in the east but unfortunately they have few clues about foreign languages. We have tried to start redressing the situation by highlighting (in bold) the most appropriate name for each language when we could work it out.

Porcher Michel H. et al. 1995 - 2020, Sorting Trapa Names. Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database - A Work in Progress. Institute for Land & Food Resources. The University of Melbourne. < http://gmr.landfood.unimelb.edu.au/Plantnames/Sorting/Trapa.html > (2005).

EURODICAUTOM, On-line Technical Dictionary in 12 languages provided by the European Commission < http://eurodic.echo.lu/cgi-bin/edicbin/EuroDicWWW.pl?page=expert >.

Fritsch. R. 2001, in Mansfeld's World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops. < http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/mansfeld/taxonomy/search_names-mf.htm >.

Hanelt Peter et al. , 2001, Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Hoerticultural Crops, Vol. xx. Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (Editors), First English Edition, Springer.

IPK Gatersleben, 2002, Mansfeld's World Database of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops. < http://mansfeld.ipk-gatersleben.de/mansfeld/taxonomy/search_names-mf.htm >.

IPNI, 2003, International Plant Name Index. Online Database. < http://www.ipni.org/ >.

Mabberley D.J. 1997, The Plant-Book : a Portable Dictionary of the Vascular Plants, 2d Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.

Randall Rod, 2002, A Global Compendium of Weeds. Department of Agriculture of Western Australia & Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk Project (HEAR). < http://www.hear.org/gcw/alpha_select_gcw.htm >.

USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxdump.pl?trapa (27 January 2004).

Wang Zongxun et al. 1996, A New Latin, Chinese, English Botanical Nomenclature. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Botany. Aviation Industry Publisher, Beijing.

Wiersema J. H. & León B. 1999, World Economic Plants : a Standard Reference. CRC Press LLC.

Xie Zongwa & Yu Youqin (Editors), 1996, Materia Medica, Chinese Terminology, Vol. 1, Renminweisheng Publishing House Beijing, China. (Latin with authority names and Chinese-simplified, text in Chinese).

Contributors to this page (Personal communication) : In progress.

Date created: 23 / 01 / 2004
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Last modified: 09 / 10 / 2005
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